Todd Gitlin Summary on Media

Todd Gitlin is a remarkable creator conceived in New York City. He went to the University of California at Berkeley, where he got a PhD in human science and was vigorously engaged with the Students for a Democratic Society gathering. Gitlin is currently a teacher at New York University where he shows culture, news coverage, and human science. Gitlin’s choice, Supersaturation, or, The Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling, originates from his book Media Unlimited: How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives (2001). In this determination, Gitlin portrays how private lives and local spaces have advanced from the seventeenth-century as of recently. He feels like our once private families are presently ruled by other common things as media. There are numerous thoughts in Todd Gitlin’s works that help his perspective on our media affected world, two of which, are the thoughts of â€Å"supersaturation† and â€Å"disposable inclination. † According to word reference. com the meaning of supersaturation is â€Å"to increment the grouping of (an answer) past immersion. Gitlin utilizes the word â€Å"supersaturation† to depict the way today’s world has totally assimilated the media and its relations. Society has become submerged in the tattle and pictures showed by the media. The lines between living space and working space are no longer as particular as they used to be. Gitlin states that, â€Å"the outside world has entered the home with retribution †in the bounty of media† (Gitlin 558). Identifying with this equivalent idea, Gitlin utilizes the possibility of â€Å"disposable feeling† to clarify the route individuals of today can move starting with one common picture then onto the next, one bit of tattle to another, with no worry. We can disregard them and return to them later in the event that we decide to do as such. In some of Gitlin’s research, he alludes to the compositions of investigator Raymond Williams who states, â€Å"What we have now is dramatization as ongoing experience, more in seven days, much of the time, than most individuals would already have found in a lifetime† (Gitlin 559). We have gotten insusceptible to genuine affections for singular pictures and stories, and blossom with the possibility of the following tattle that will follow. In this choice of the book, Gitlin talks about a seventeenth-century Dutch painter by the name of Vermeer. Vermeer was known for being capable to†fr[ee]ze moments, yet moments that talked about the general consistency of the world where his subjects lived† (Gitlin 558). Individuals gathered Vermeer’s artworks for show all through their homes. Gitlin considers Vermeer to be the seventeenth-century variant of the media. In that time, the pictures painted were comparative with the people’s time and private world. In today’s world Vermeer would be the proportional to a VIP picture taker or film chief. In the event that Vermeer, or some other craftsman of his time, were to see today’s families, they would find that the once private space inside the house is presently considerably more commanded by pictures of the outside world than what might have been conceivable in the 1600’s. As referenced in Gitlin’s research, insights show that, â€Å" ‘watching TV is the prevailing recreation movement of Americans, expending 40 percent of the normal person’s leisure time as an essential action [when individuals give TV there unified attention]’ † (Gitlin 560). Indeed, even the wealthier pieces of helpless universes approach a type of media. It would take somebody from an underdeveloped nation to be dazed by the way that our lives are continually depicted through TV, radio, web and different types of media. Individuals of today interact with more â€Å"information† in a solitary day than any one individual of Vermeer’s time could have ever envisioned. The media encompasses our reality in each part of society. Gitlin notes in his works that the measurements referenced â€Å"don’t consider the bulletins, the TV’s at bars and on planes, the Muzak in eateries and shops . . . nd logos zooming by on the sides of transports and taxicabs, climbing the dividers of structures, making declarations from tops, packs, T-shirts, and sneakers† (Gitlin 563). On account of the entirety of the most recent innovation and correspondence frameworks individuals can interface with the outside world at whatever point we like. In Gitlin’s end he proceeds to clarify that our sincere belief is not, at this point imperative to the world. Individuals within recent memory are adherents as opposed to pioneers, and are reliably being sucked in to how the media says we should carry on with our lives. Gitlin feels that the manner in which we carry on with our lives, â€Å"or spend it,† (563) figures out what our identity is. Our lives have gotten totally overcome with innovation and the most recent gadgets. Gitlin contends that even in our most private occasions we can't force ourselves to avoid the media. â€Å"[Our] beneficial experience has become an involvement with the nearness of media† (Gitlin 563). In seventeenth-century time this level of media reliance would be unfathomable. Dukes View In my perusing of Todd Gitlin’s Supersaturation, or, the Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling, I have arrived at the resolution that I concur with Gitlin on the matter of a staggering media nearness in today’s world. The media has become such an enormous effect on everything on society. From TV, web, and phones to boards, magazines, and papers, it has gotten about difficult to be without media. Obliging Gitlin’s supposition regarding the matter, I concur that even in our apparently private home lives, we keep on relying upon media and other electronic amusement. These days individuals are continually focused with remaining associated with the outside world through the media utilizing advanced mobile phones, messages, news, informal communities and sports. As innovation keeps on propelling we become overwhelmed by having the most recent and the best contraptions to keep us connected to media consistently. These contraptions have become some portion of our every day schedule to beware of society. Individuals feel lost when they can’t browse there messages or their status on Facebook. Supper in a home used to eat at the lounge area table and having discussions about your day yet has now gotten sitting in the front room and staring at the TV. Indeed, even kids have been influenced by this media pattern. They observe more TV than understanding books. There are TV shows to assist them with adapting as opposed to perusing books for math, science and English. Obviously the world is being overwhelmed by media. The world has developed in to a savvy, quick pace place where we need to know all that goes on, not exactly where we live and what’s going on in our carries on with yet the whole world also. We burn through the entirety of our cash on the line, costly hardware to stay up with the latest with media and common news * Technology keeps on propelling (walkman mp3 players, tapes blue beam) * Constantly focused on staying â€Å"connected† to the outside world (utilizing advanced cells to browse email, news, sports) * Has become some portion of day by day sc hedule to check for refreshes in the public arena * Even sit in front of the television while eating family dinners, tv’s in eateries, convenient PCs, ect * Faster developing interest for vocations in innovation fields

How to Get Reviews †Without Cheating

Step by step instructions to Get Reviews †Without Cheating Composing a novel is difficult work, however selling it very well may be much harder. A plenty of colossal books sit out there with small deals and immaterial audits. Dont let yours lose all sense of direction in the group. Follow these four hints to begin collecting legitimate, genuine audits thatll help your book stand apart among the rest. Before we begin, lets talk about (cheating) paying for surveys. If it's not too much trouble dont do this. Because its ethically faulty, yet in addition on the grounds that youll be squandering your cash. Locales like Amazon depend on their survey framework, and they detest counterfeit audits. You dont need to be related with such practices. With that off the beaten path, lets talk about how to nail genuine audits. Stage One: Ask For Them! This one may appear glaringly evident, yet risks are you previously botched the chance. Did you remember a source of inspiration for your book? Most creators dont, and its a serious mix-up. Add a writers note to the end your book. In it, let the perusers realize how significant surveys are, and that in the event that they making the most of your book, theres no preferable method to assist over to compose an audit. Youll be astonished what number of audits this gathers. Stage Two: Engage Readers Acknowledge you should turn into an online outgoing person, in any case. Excessively numerous authors disregard the specialty of web-based social networking, or they treat it as a promoting stage rather than a chance to discuss legitimately with their fans. Nobody needs to include a Twitter companion who ceaselessly plugs their own books. Dont be that kind of creator. Rather, figure out how to appreciate cooperating with your fans by means of web based life locales like Facebook and Twitter. Make these records, and add connects to them in the creators note toward the finish of your novel. Perusers are unquestionably bound to post audits of creators with whom they have direct contact. Stage Three: Advertise a Sale This is the place youll need to take out your wallet and go through some money. On the off chance that you need get a great number of audits, at that point youre going to need to promote. Pick a couple of days sooner rather than later when youll put your book at a bargain, either for $0.99 or free, and afterward promote the deal on a portion of the better digital book destinations. Don't just put your book at a bargain and sit back in the expectations that the world will pay heed. Odds are, it wont. You have to light the fire Look at my article, Advertise Smarter (in one weeks from now issue of FundsforWriters), for tips on which locales I use to get the most value for my money. Stage Four: Run a Contest When you begin getting a few adherents via web-based networking media, reward the ones who set aside the effort to get you out. Run a challenge offering to send a free, marked duplicate of your book to one fortunate victor (in my initial days, before I began printing books, I would offer marked spreads. I would print fronts of my book, cut them out, and sign them. Perusers cherished them!) All your fans need to do is compose an audit, and afterward send you an email telling you. Stretch the challenge out longer than a month to permit perusers the opportunity to complete the book, and you may be agreeably astounded what number of individuals do it. Just dont figure the challenge will run itself. Market it like you would your book or your appearances! Follow these four stages and youll be well en route to accumulating a noteworthy number of legitimate surveys from perusers. Good karma, and continue composing! (**see the subsequent piece to his one, Advertise Smarter, at this connection)

Hubspot: Inbound Marketing Essay

HubSpot is a web based showcasing programming organization that uses inbound advertising, a framework which pulls imminent clients to a business and its items. Albeit inbound advertising has been profoundly effective and the organization has arrived at its achievement of 1,000 clients, HubSpot is presently confronted with the difficulty of which course to guide towards, while thinking about the suitability of inbound promoting at a bigger scope. HubSpot must conclude whether to focus on the Marketing Marys (MM) portion, the Owner Ollies (OO) section or both. We suggest that HubSpot center around the OO fragment. Our technique is to effectively develop this market fragment, bring down the stir rate and increment the standard for dependability. By focusing on this portion, it will help HubSpot further its objective of turning into an industry head in the Leads, Analyze and Qualify Traffic divisions of the inbound advertising industry. Our suggestion depends on quantitative examination which demonstrated that the OO fragment is more productive than the MM section. Considering the $1000 obtaining cost of OOs and their present evaluating, the breakeven for this fragment is 2 months. What's more, the lifetime income for the OOs is assessed to be $1. M (Exhibit B). Interestingly, the breakeven time determined for the MMs is 9 months with an expected lifetime income of $1. 6M. Notwithstanding quantitative investigation, we likewise viewed as subjective factors in deciding our proposal. We verified that inbound promoting ought to remain the essential showcasing framework since it is an easy to use and a cost effective item and in particular, it is HubSpot’s managing reasoning. Inbound Marketing, a basic belief and quality, will keep on separating HubSpot from its rivals as it develops. In deciding to focus on the OO portion, we are expecting that OOs will keep on moving to HubSpot’s facilitated content administration framework at a similar rate. The arrangement is to cultivate the OOs through maintenance programs and an improved quality client assistance office. The organization can secure the client in a one-year contract at a rebate or offer beginning free counseling administrations. Moreover inside this time allotment, HubSpot’s salesforce will advance the benefits of moving to the CMS framework. We considered choices, for example, focusing on both OO and MM sections or concentrating exclusively on the MM portion. Be that as it may, as per the organization item timetable, it takes over 3 months to grow new items and procedures so the option of focusing on the two sections was dismissed. As another organization, HubSpot has constrained assets to support the assorted customer base, which will make item development fall behind adjusting customers’ needs. Over the long haul, this will place the organization at a less serious situation in the business. Moreover, we additionally considered focusing on just the MMs since this fragment understood the most development during the most recent four months of 2008, maybe showing long haul development potential. We dismissed this technique because of our cost breakeven examination: it takes 4 ? times longer to breakeven with MM clients than it does with OO customers (Exhibit B). At last, while we understand that the move in center might prompt loss of piece of the overall industry inside the MM fragment, we accept that the addition in OO portion will balance the misfortune over the long haul. Taking everything into account, we suggest that HubSpot focus on the OO portion. We distinguished HubSpot’s objectives as development inside the OO section, a lower agitate rate and an expanded consistency standard. HubSpot can achieve these targets by advancing the CMS framework and executing another client contract activity. As the organization moves towards achieving these objectives, it will no uncertainty become a market head in the online programming advertising industry.

Ledbury Restaurants Case Study on Business Decision Making

Questions: Situation An eatery network intends to open its second café in London. To guarantee this is a practical move, the investors are quick to comprehend the market. Thusly you are approached to do an arranged information assortment and information investigation to help the governing body in understanding the client estimating preferences.(e.g. pay value, age cost) Undertaking 1 Report on Data Collection and Analysis, In this report; Create an arrangement for essential and auxiliary information assortment with introducing the review system inspecting outline utilized Design a poll to gather information and give a support to its plan Collect information and sum up the gathered information utilizing agent esteems Analyze the gathered information utilizing proportions of scattering. You should have the option to utilize the investigation of the valuing inclinations to educate and bolster dynamic. Complete appropriate computations to reach valuable and practical inferences and give substantial proposals. Your figurings must incorporate quartile, percentiles and the relationship coefficient. Clarify how these estimations helped you to reach valuable determinations. Errand 2 Set up a Business Presentation and a proper Business Report to scatter data adequately which incorporate; The discoveries which ought to be utilized to reach legitimate determinations .You should utilize spreadsheet programming for all figurings and join diagrams and charts(line,pie,bar chart,histogram,scatter ) to plainly and viably present the discoveries. Pattern lines in charts to help with estimating for determined business data. For instance, this may incorporate people groups eating practices extra time and inclinations against occasional changes. A business introduction to spread data successfully Prepare a proper Business Report to be introduced to the directorate Use fitting data handling devices to investigate the data Plan for the undertaking, distinguishing significant CRITICAL PATH, PERT, GANNT Chart, to actualize a business procedure and the proposals you are recommending from your discoveries. For instance, a business procedure to serve clients (It is fundamental to u tilize fitting task managementsoftware) Different monetary apparatuses, for example, limited income, net present worth and IRR capacities to assess the budgetary feasibility of the proposed proposals Answers: Presentation In the contemporary business situation dynamic is particularly depend o upon the essential and the auxiliary type of research. As the ledbury is one of the main eateries who are willing on the development of its cafés chain for that the examination is been led. The examination will concentrate on the arrangement for the gathering information for the opening of new chain of cafés for the ledbury (Cleland and King, 2008). Aside from that, the investigation will likewise centers around the different type of information assortment all together indicate the practicality of the task. With the assistance of different diagram and graphs, the dynamic of the opening of eateries chain in London will be a lot of conceivable over the UK. Assignment 1 Plan for gathering essential and optional information Essential information assortment: For essential information assortment a few clients from the different eateries and the guests at Trafalgar square are being consider, the essential for of information will be gather by means of on field overview survey inside the London. Essential information assortment is a lot of required for the direct assortment of information so as to comprehend the need of the purchasers (DeCarlo, 2010). Auxiliary information: Secondary types of information are gathered by means of web inquire about, online journals, internet based life, organization yearly report and the different sources. Aside from that, auxiliary wellsprings of information is a lot of supportive in c assembling the informations about the examination which is to gather the development about the current cafés and their piece of the pie inside the business (Gido and Clements, 2012). Optional information additionally organizations of different types of diaries, paper and magazines. Study Methodology Inspecting the testing here would be utilized as clients and the director of the renowned cafés in London. With the assistance of 55 client based the 5 supervisor would fulfilled the essential research. The review approach would be sued here is quantitative and subjective type of study (Ferraro, 2007). For subjective, optional structure, information would be utilized from the current organizations and for the quantitative information is gathered on documented survey. Plan a poll to gather the information a. How regularly do you visit the eatery? Choices No of respondents All out respondents Reaction % Most recent multi week 12 55 22% Most recent multi month 16 55 29% Most recent 1 year 8 55 15% Over 2 years 10 55 18% Over 5 years 9 55 16% Diagram 1: visiting the cafés From the abovementioned, it has been discovered that, with over 23% members visits each week cafés for the eatings. Be that as it may, around 29% of respondents go eateries with consistently. The above situation clarifies that consistently every individuals visit the café for eating. London is known for the assortment of indulgences and the individuals are known or the quality eating and living (Barker and Chitty, 2009). With the ascent in the eateries business very shows that buyer are eager to taste the distinctive for the luxuries and visit casual path or for events, which in both condition fulfills the idea of eating out. b. What are the components that impacts you towards the cafés? Choices No of respondents All out respondents Reaction % Administration Quality 18 55 33% Brand Value 10 55 18% Mood 13 55 24% Cost 9 55 16% Others 5 55 9% Diagram 2: factors that impact the shopper towards the eateries Around 18% of respondents are a lot of value inclination as opposed to cost. Also feels association with vibe must be flawless and clean instead of food quality with 24%. From the above , it has been discovered that the vast majority of the client are being viewed as nature of food as their first inclination among the other in light of the fact that the individuals living in London are a lot of known for their costly way of life and their affection for quality rarities are been known around the world (Barlow, 2009). As the cafés administrator, it is a chance to offer a quality cooking rather at esteem pricings. For valuing, organization will utilize infiltration pricings. c. What sort of eating do you like? Alternatives No of respondents Complete respondents Reaction % Chinese 14 55 26% French 9 55 16% Italian 11 55 20% Conventional (British) 17 55 31% American 4 55 7% Chart 3: Type of feasting do you like Around 26% of the individuals of London are found of Chinese instead of different delights. Aside from that, the second best food, which has enjoyed my the vast majority of individuals, was French in London. This shows, ascending in Chinese treats is been one of the significant pattern which has been trailed by the world (Bates, 2009). The Chinese food was casted a ballot most best food all around by the Forbes magazines. d. What time you like to visit an eateries? Choices No of respondents All out respondents Reaction % Break quick 11 55 20% Lunch 19 55 34% Supper 25 55 46% Diagram 4: Time for visiting the cafés From the abovementioned, around 34% of the respondents are being wanted to ate out instead of eating or supper. Also, organization utilizes lunch as their departure course to visits the eateries. As feasting propensity is particularly has been known for quite a while. Feast out is one of the significant claim to fame which has been trailed by the age in English (Carpenter and Fairhurst, 2009). As contrast with different dinners, a large portion of the English love to have eaten out in light of the rushed calendars and the bustling existence of the Cockneys. e. How would you lean toward your cooking most? Choices No of respondents Complete respondents Reaction % Basic 14 55 25% Made 16 55 29% enhanced 8 55 15% Prepared 10 55 18% Bubbled 7 55 13% Diagram 5: inclination of your cooking From the abovementioned, around 29% of respondents feels should, be crafter supper join to other significant food introducing process. Aside from that, other significant eateries goers needs their food in the straightforward manner instead of seasoned. Sum up the information utilizing the qualities For quantitative type of poll, youthful grown-ups with the age of 15-45 and salary procuring of picked respondents from the 5000 every month has been decided for the undertaking at the spots like Trafalgar square and different cafés like Bread kitchen, Heston Blumenthal and Barbeoa (Entrepreneur, 2015). Aside from that, there are two significant accessible has been thought of while gathering the information first Age and second is Income before attesting the information. The gathered information will be taken by means of non-likelihood examining. The internet examining will be non-likelihood testing. Client interest will be founded on likert scale. Examine the outcomes Proportion of scatterings Age Populace Under 18 9 18-25 21 25-35 45 35-45 19 More than 45 6 Diagram 6: Total picked populace test Mean Pay = 15, 20, 21, 20, 36, 15, 25, 15 Entirety of these 8 qualities is 167, so the mean is 167/8= 20.875 The above outcomes shows that, the picked age bunch has is 15k to 36 k. The picked age g

The Federal Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and Social Control Essay

The Federal Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and Social Control - Essay Example By 1970s, in any case, both progressivism and populism lost their allure as independent strategies (Vito and Allen, 1981). While progressives had neglected to give an option in contrast to vague condemning, populism was viewed as something that refuted the actual intent of the law and it was proclaimed that Government judges are not receptive to the throbs of humankind. These topics commanded SRA for quite a while and finished in the improvement of Federal condemning Act of 1984 with one essential point for example to be reasonable in the motivations behind imprisonment.The US Congress played a slight and aberrant job in government condemning for about a century or so by vesting into the condemning appointed authority an unbarred caution to make sense of the proper discipline from normally an assorted ambit of potential sentences as been portrayed by law. This rendered the appointed authority to be in complete control of condemning and it was up to the adjudicator just to conceive di fferent parts of condemning the important disturbing and moderating conditions and how these all variables mutually added to the authorizing of the sentence. The legal sentences were for all intents and purposes subject to no audit on offer. The basic reason of the entire exercise depended on coercive recovery. That constantly included appointed authority choosing a broad discipline of long term and the parole board pondering discharge on the grounds of sufficient restoration. That entire framework depended vigorously on the individual circumspection of the appointed authority absent a lot of responsibility. This was normally bound to analysis likewise with issues caused because of power using resolute individual caution and seen to a great extent as foot free and extravagant free situation. Congress was intensely mindful by 1970s of the developing disquiet among the overall population and unavoidable issues in the legal framework that were radiating because of the absence of very m uch characterized parameters in sentence charging. The dissimilarity in the condemning framework lead to a careful assessment by Congress in 1984 in which it was realized that the entire framework was in the desperate need of change and had lost the vital believability required to support the open certainty to fill in as an adequate impediment to wrongdoing. It was deduced in that review the irregularity and uniqueness in the condemning framework was because of the lacking condemning application by the legal executive. Congress stepped up to the plate and change the issue by authorizing the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 is additionally usually expressed as SRA; it drew a thorough framework for rebuilding of legal condemning watchfulness that basically changed by and large the condemning in the government equity framework. The SRA's prime goal was to defeated the gap of condemning uniqueness. The initial step that Congress took was to dismiss the pervasive perspective on restoration as the chief objective of condemning. It re-imagined the objectivity of sentence as retributive, instructive, and impediment (Howell, 2004). By establishing SRA Congress tried to bring the entire legal procedure above board eventually helping it recapture the trust of masses imperative to debilitate wrongdoing, reviving the framework by altering its elements, checking over reliance on detainment and maintaining the pride and attentiveness of judges personnel. The significant points(USSC, 1991) of SRA could be summed up as follow: 1. There ought to be an unmistakable and far reaching articulation of condemning of government law alongside

Experiential Avoidance and PTSD

Experiential Avoidance and PTSD PTSD Coping Print Experiential Avoidance and PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Aleli Dezmen / Cultura / Getty Images Experiential avoidance is an attempt or desire to suppress unwanted internal experiences, such as emotions, thoughts, memories and bodily sensations. This unwillingness to stay in contact with internal experiences is thought to underlie many unhealthy escape behaviors, such as substance use, risky sexual behavior, and deliberate self-harm, and may increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people who have experienced a severe trauma. Understanding Experiential Avoidance Avoiding negative internal experiences is a natural instinct that serves to protect us from harm. However, psychologists dating back to Sigmund Freud have argued that such avoidance can also negatively impact our mental health and behaviors. In the 1990s, psychologists began referring to these avoidance and escape behaviors as experiential avoidance. Experiential avoidance is seen as a coping style that may perpetuate problems or produce new ones. For example, trying to not to feel anxious may perpetuate anxiety instead of allowing it to dissipate. In 1996, psychologists from the University of Nevada wrote in an important paper that many forms of psychopathology are not merely bad problems, they are also bad solutions, based on a dangerous and ineffective use of experiential avoidance strategies. Since then, experiential avoidance has been associated with: Anxiety and generalized anxiety disorderBipolar disorderDeliberate self-harmHigh-risk sexual behaviorObsessive-compulsive disorderPanic disorderSubstance abuseSuicideTrauma and post-traumatic stress disorder  Trichotillomania How Experiential Avoidance Hurts People With PTSD Experiential avoidance is believed to increase a traumatized persons risk of developing and maintaining PTSD. For example, a study published in 2014 found that abused children were much more likely to develop PTSD if they tried to avoid painful thoughts and emotions after the abuse rather than talking about their negative feelings. Experiential avoidance strategies may in part explain why 40% of children who are abused develop PTSD over the course of their lives, while the other 60% do not. Experiential avoidance is one of three emotion regulation strategies believed to increase the risk of PTSD. The other two emotion regulation strategies implicated in PTSD are rumination and thought suppression. Experiential Avoidance, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for PTSD The opposite of avoidance is acceptance. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a behavioral psychotherapy that was developed to reduce experiential avoidance. ACT is based in the idea that suffering comes not from the experience of emotional pain, but from our attempted avoidance of that pain. Its overarching goal is to help people be open to and willing to have their inner experiences while focusing attention not on trying to escape or avoid pain (because this is impossible to do) but instead, on living a meaningful life. There are five goals of ACT: Recognizing that trying to escape from emotional pain will never workRealizing that trying to control the pain is the problemViewing yourself as separate from your thoughtsLetting  go of attempts to avoid or control thoughts and feelings  Living a meaningful and rewarding life ACT is one form of treatment recommended for PTSD and other psychological problems related to experiential avoidance. Also Known As: emotional avoidance, emotional unwillingness, thought suppression, unwillingness

The Relationship between a High-Dairy Diet and Breast Cancer in Women - Free Essay Example

Recent studies have demonstrated that 1 in 8 women will develop invasive breast cancer at some point in their lives being that breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women (American Cancer Society, 2018). Since 2000, the rates of breast cancer have been declining and researchers posit this may be due to better screening processes or possibly due to the decrease in hormone replacement therapy because it was associated with increased risk of breast cancer (Breastcancer.org, 2018). Although breast cancer has been linked to genetic inheritance, lifestyle factors such as diet and hormone levels also play a role in developing the disease (American Cancer Society, 2018). One study indicates that dairy, specifically in the Western world, is pumped full of estrogen and progesterone hormones, which may link a diet high in dairy to breast cancer rates (Ganmaa Sato, 2005). Estrogenic hormones are more common in fats, so there may be a critical difference between the effects of high-fat dairy products, such as whole-milk compared to the low-fat version referred to as skim milk (Pape-Zambito et al., 2010). Research suggests that there are conflicting results in regards to the association between high-dairy intake and breast cancer (Hunter Willett, 1994; Boyd et al., 1993), which makes it important to study the methods and possible explanations behind this controversial evidence. In this paper, I will analyze two research studies that provide opposing results in regards to the relationship between breast cancer and a high-dairy diet in order to understand why researchers may have found these varying outcomes. Kroenke et al. (2013) hypothesized that a high-fat dairy diet, compared to a low-fat dairy diet, is more associated to breast cancer recurrence and mortality rates. To test this hypothesis, a team of researchers conducted a prospective cohort design and studied 1893 women that were a part of larger study (LACE) who already had early stage invasive breast cancer. These women previously went through cancer treatment and exhibited no evidence of recurrence or other types of cancer. The number and type of recurrences were assessed by health status questionnaires obtained annually, and mortality was measured using the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Cancer Registry (KPNC) data sources or using information from the participant’s family. Researchers collected data at two time points that encapsulated the women’s diets, measured by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Food Frequency Questionnaire, at baseline and at a 6-year follow-up. This measure asked women how o ften they ate dairy foods in the past year by specifically asking the participants to describe their daily, weekly and monthly eating habits. The questionnaire displays a medium size portion as an example and then asks the participants to indicate the size of their own dairy servings (small, medium, or large). In order to evaluate fat content, the participants were asked the type of fat levels they usually consumed, such as percentage of fat in their milk, cheese, yogurt and dessert products. They gathered the total number of servings of dairy per day and classified certain types of dairy into high or low-fat groups. In their statistical analyses for high and low-fat dairy intake, the researchers adjusted for possible confounding variables such as age, smoking, menopausal status, race, education, BMI, and reproductive factors. For analyses on breast cancer outcomes, researchers controlled for confounding variables such as disease severity, treatment type, and behavioral factors such as other diet components (i.e. red meat consumption, sugar), exercise, alcohol and smoking behaviors (Kroenke et al., 2013) The results of this study demonstrate that overall, dairy consumption levels among these women were low, and women were consuming more low-fat dairy than high-fat dairy products. Kroenke et al. (2013) also found that high-fat dairy intake was not related to cancer recurrences, but it was positively associated with mortality. Although this study found a link between high fat dairy intake and mortality from breast cancer, they did not find an overall relationship between dairy and breast cancer. Previous research suggests that breast cancer causes may be linked to calcium and Vitamin D (Lipkin Newmark, 1999), but these results showed no relation between these vitamins and cancer outcomes (Kroenke et al., 2013) Since a high-fat dairy diet is related to an increase in estrogen, it is important for researchers to further study the impact of estrogen levels on cancer. If these results were to be replicated, it would be valuable to advise women with breast cancer to cut back on high fat d airy products, since it may impact their survival. One of the strengths of this study was that they adjusted for different factors that could have effected breast cancer severity such as stage, nodal status, tumor size, and lifestyle factors such as SES, exercise, demographics and reproductive history. Since this was a correlational study, we cannot confirm causality, but the study’s adjustment for third factors does strengthen their observed effects (Kroenke et al., 2013). One major limitation in studies regarding diet is the tendency for people to underestimate their food intake. Some of the women responded that they didn’t know what type of milk they were consuming or how much they had daily, so it was difficult to categorize dairy products into high or low-fat groups accurately. Previous research suggests an inverse relationship between dairy products and breast cancer outcomes in samples of premenopausal women (Shannon et al., 2003); however, the current study was mainly postmenopausal, and they did not have a larg e enough sample of premenopausal women to study the differences in menopausal status in regards to diet. Another limitation of this study was its inability to accurately identify estrogen/progesterone receptor status of the reported products since researchers suggest the effects of estrogen may contribute to higher mortality rates in women with breast cancer (Kroenke et al., 2013). In a second study, Knekt et al. (1996), the researchers hypothesized that there is an inverse relationship between dairy intake and breast cancer. This was a prospective study that followed 4697 healthy women (free of cancer) for 25 years. The population of women in the study were from Finland, which is significant because Finland has one of the highest levels of milk intake among anywhere in the world. Once the women were screened for cancer, the researchers conducted a modified dietary history interview that analyzed the women’s diet in the last year. Dietary assessments were repeated every 4-8 months after the initial interview. The model assessed for food eaten each day, week, month and year and had participants estimate their portion size similarly to the previous study, Kroenke et al. (2013). The participants also completed a mailed questionnaire to gather information such as residence, occupation, parity, and smoking to be assessed as covariates. Cancer incidence was ob tained through the nationwide Cancer Registry along with death certificates from the Central Statistical office of Finland over the 25-year period of the study. This study found that the rates of developing breast cancer were highest among women over 50, who had never married or had kids, and had a white-collar job. They also found that milk intake was dependent on location and occupation and was higher in western agricultural areas. There was an inverse relationship between milk consumption (as opposed to other dairy products) and developing breast cancer after controlling for age. Previous research suggests a relationship between high saturated fat and breast cancer outcomes, (Boyd et al., 1993; Hunter et al., 1994); however, the present study found no relationship between total or saturated fat and breast cancer (Knekt et al., 1996). Another finding was that higher levels of calcium are related to lower breast cancer incidence in the study, suggesting that calcium may play a protective role in breast cancer prevention. Researchers indicate calcium’s protectiveness may be related to its ability to protect the binding of fatty acids and bile acids when processing dairy products. However, past studies have not found a significant relationship between calcium intake and breast cancer incidence (Katsouyanni et. al 1988) and after adjusting for calcium in the current study, the relationship between diary and breast cancer still existed. A strength in this study was their ability to follow healthy women to see who developed breast cancer after initially collecting diet data. This study also had a large sample of 4697 women, which increases the study’s power and researchers followed them for a significant period of time (25 years), which allows them to account for long term effects. Researchers also used a comprehensive survey of food consumption compared to previous studies that used a simpler measure for diet (Knekt et al., 1996). A limitation of this study was its inability to control for some health and behavioral factors such as alcohol consumption; however, few women in Finland are heavy drinkers, so this possible confounding variable most likely did not impact the results of the study (Knekt et al., 1996). Since reproductive factors and hormones may play a role in breast cancer (Kelsey and Whittemore, 1994), these confounding variables may have impacted their results since the researchers only obtained r eproductive information regarding the women’s number of births. Although these two studies indicate different associations between breast cancer and dairy intake, it is important to note that they are studying very different populations of women. The first study described involved a population of women who already had breast cancer while the second study focused on women who develop breast cancer out of a sample starting with healthy women. It is possible that this difference in timing of disease occurrence accounts for some of the difference in results. Also, the Knekt et al. (1996) study was more focused on milk products specifically, while the Kroenke et al. (2013) study was more concerned about high vs. low-fat dairy products. There were also more postmenopausal women in the sample from the Kroenke et al. (2013) study compared to the Knekt et al. (1996), which may have played in a role in interactions between hormone levels and dairy products (Shannon et al. 2003). Menopausal status is especially relevant because the results from the Knekt et al. (1996) study only demonstrated the inverse relationship after controlling for age. Since dairy intake was associated with cancer mortality, it is possible that the fat in dairy cells negatively interacts with cancer cells, but not healthy cells (Kroenke et al., 2013). In the case of the study in Finland, the dairy production process may differ from the US and thus, alter the levels of estrogen in milk. Also, since milk is very common in Finland, it is possible that this population is more tolerant to its effects on hormone levels. Another major difference between the two studies is their amount of data collected on diet. In the Kroenke et. al (2013) study, they gathered assessments of diet at two time points, one at baseline and the other at a 6-month follow-up, while the Knekt et al. (1996) study interviewed people regarding diet every 4-6 months for 25 years. Considering that diet recall is grossly underestimated (Kroenke et. al, 2013), these differences in diet data collect ion may suggest why the studies are producing different results. It would be beneficial to have future studies examine the specific nutrients and hormone levels in dairy products consumed to understand why dairy can be both positively and inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer. Research suggests that some cultures place more value on milk-oriented diets in comparison to others (Cramer et al., 1994), perhaps because of cultural differences and views on dairy product’s health benefits. Future studies should examine dairy consumption cross-culturally to assess whether dairy production differences and metabolism differences among certain groups contribute to the relationship between dairy and breast cancer. Additionally, a major problem with diet research, is that it is usually gathered at one time point (Kroenke et. al, 2013) and researchers need to have more frequent questionnaires to accurately gauge the types of nutrient intake and total consumption. Although these studies both used a detailed questionnaire for food consumptio n, participants may have been inaccurately showcasing their overall diet patterns, or they may have changed their diet habits after the questionnaire was completed, which could have impacted their breast cancer outcomes. Also, future studies could focus more on differentiating between high and low-fat dairy since Kroenke et al. (2013) and Knekt et al. (1996) were unable to accurately measure these differences. Since menopausal status and age were important factors in the relationship between breast cancer and dairy products, future researchers may want to expand on these findings and study how age may impact the relationship between dairy products, estrogen levels, and breast cancer.